ABSTRACT The resistance of a weed to a herbicide may be accompanied by an ecological disadvantage, which can hinder the establishment of resistant biotypes when the herbicide is not used. The aim of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the growth and phenology of two biotypes of Raphanus raphanistrum, one susceptible and the other resistant to ALS inhibitors. The research was carried out from August to December 2020, conducting two simultaneous experiments, with the susceptible and resistant biotypes grown as single crops or together with wheat. The parameters under evaluation were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot dry weight, growth rate, leaf area ratio, net assimilation rate, and phenology - determined using the BBCH scale. The results showed not only that development and growth in the sensitive biotype was greater compared to the resistant biotype, but also the precocity of the biotype. The only variable for which the resistant biotype was superior was root dry weight. Cross-resistance to ALS inhibitors resulted in a difference in the growth and phenology of the resistant biotype that should be better evaluated, as the populations present large genetic differences.

ABSTRACT: The resistance of Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyardgrass) to cyhalofop-p-butyl has already been confirmed in rice fields in Santa Catarina, Brazil. However, it is not known if this resistance affects other ACCase inhibitors. This study evaluated the occurrence of cross-resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli biotypes from the main rice-growing regions of Santa Catarina to ACCase inhibitors. The research was conducted in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized design with a factorial scheme that included three ACCase-inhibiting herbicides (cyhalofop-p-butyl, quizalofop-p-ethyl, and profoxydim) belonging to two chemical groups (aryl-oxifenoxi-propionates and cyclohexanediones), eight herbicide doses, and four biotypes evaluated in the F1 generation and two biotypes evaluated in the F2 generation. These biotypes were selected based on the results of a preliminary trial with 21 populations. The herbicides were applied when the plants presented two true leaves. After control evaluations, the lethal dose required to control 50% and 80% of the population (LD50 and LD80) and the resistance factor (RF) were determined by nonlinear regression. The results showed that only one biotype from Tubarão, Santa Catarina met all statistical and agronomic criteria and had cross-resistance to ACCase inhibitors confirmed. In both generations, the RF was greater than 1.0, and the dose required to achieve 80% control exceeded the maximum recommended dose on the label. Resistance levels were higher for herbicides belonging to the aryl-oxifenoxi-propionate chemical group, with RF greater than 7.0. For the cyclohexanedione chemical group, the RF was less than 5.0.

RESUMO: A resistência de capim-arroz (Echinochloa crus-galli) ao cyhalofop-p-butyl já foi confirmada em áreas de produção de arroz de Santa Catarina, entretanto não se sabe se essa resistência compromete outros inibidores da ACCase. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de resistência cruzada em biótipos de capim-arroz das principais regiões orizícolas do Estado de Santa Catarina a inibidores de ACCase. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial, sendo: três herbicidas inibidores de ACCase (cyhalofop-p-butyl; quizalofop-p-ethyl e profoxydim) pertencentes a dois grupos químicos (ariloxifenoxipropionatos e ciclohexanodionas); oito doses dos herbicidas e quatro biótipos foram avaliados na geração F1 e dois biótipos na geração F2. Estes biótipos foram selecionados a partir dos resultados de um ensaio preliminar com 21 populações. A aplicação foi realizada quando as plantas apresentaram duas folhas verdadeiras. Após as avaliações de controle determinou-se, por regressão não-linear, a dose letal necessária para controlar 50% e 80% da população (DL50 e DL80) e o fator de resistência (FR). Os resultados demonstraram que apenas um biótipo de Tubarão-SC atendeu todos os critérios estatísticos e agronômicos e teve a resistência cruzada a inibidores da ACCase confirmada. Nas duas gerações observou-se que o FR foi superior a 1,0 e que a dose necessária para atingir o controle de 80% excedeu a dose máxima recomendada em bula. O nível de resistência foi superior para os herbicidas do grupo químico ariloxifenoxipropionatos, com FR maior que 7,0. Para o grupo químico ciclohexanodionas o FR foi menor que 5,0.

Abstract Background: Garlic cultivation is characterized by low capacity of competition with weed, mainly due to the characteristics of the canopy and it´s slow initial growth that make it difficult to cover the soil. Objective: This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency and selectivity of herbicides applied in the pre-emergence of two garlic cultivars in the edaphoclimatic condition of Santa Catarina State. Methods: Two experiments were carried out in the commercial garlic area with Ito and Chonan cultivars. Both experiments were conducted in randomized block design. The traits for Ito cultivar were without weed control, with weed control, with linuron (810 g ha-1), diuron (1,000 g ha-1), pendimethalin (1600 g ha-1), S-metolachlor (1200 g ha-1), oxyfluorfen (720 g ha-1) or flumioxazin (40 g ha-1). For the experiment with Chonan cultivar the treatment composed by oxadiazon (1000 g ha-1) was included. The analyzed variables were based on weed community control and phytotoxicity, stand, diameter of bulbs and productivity of garlic. Results: The infesting species of the experiment with the cultivar Ito were Stellaria media and Stachys arvensis, whereas for Chonan, only the first was found. The herbicides applied in pre-emergence were efficient in controlling these species until 45 days after application - DAA. The highest injuries at 45 DAA were caused by S-metolachlor, with 33% for Ito cultivar and 10% for Chonan. The best herbicides, taking into account weed control and productivity, were pendimethalin and S-metolachlor, for the Ito cultivar, and pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen, and flumioxazin for the Chonan cultivar. Conclusions: The pendimethalin stood out for presenting excellent weed control and being selective for both garlic cultivars.

Abstract Background: Rice lines displaying resistance to quizalofop-p-ethyl (quizalofop), an acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicide, were developed to facilitate control of imidazolinone-resistant weedy rice (red rice), as well as other susceptible grasses. Objective: To assess the sensitivity of weedy rice accessions from Brazil to quizalofop. Methods: Two bioassays were conducted on the greenhouse from March to June 2016, in a completely random design with a two-factor factorial combination of treatments and four replications. The factor A was weedy rice accession and factor B was quizalofop rates (0, 25 and 50 g a.i. ha-1). It was assessed a total of 84 genotypes in the two bioassays, composed of 78 weedy rice accessions, 4 rice cultivars, and 2 lines resistant to aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) herbicides. Quizalofop was applied the 2-leaf stage. Weedy rice control was evaluated at 28 and 22 days after treatment (DAT), respectively for bioassay I and II, using a scale of 0% (no control) to 100% (dead). Results: All weedy rice accessions were susceptible to quizalofop, being controlled 100% with 50 g a.i. ha-1. Rice lines SC 964 and SC 965, resistant to AOPP herbicides, were not injured by quizalofop. Conclusions: quizalofop is an effective tool for weedy rice control in ACCase-resistant rice.

Abstract Background: Weed management is a challenge in paddy rice production, mainly due to the dispersal of a population resistant to herbicides. Objective: To assess the efficacy of chemical weed control in the off-season to reduce weedy rice and other species in water-seeded or drilled rice. Methods: Two experiments were carried out in a flat field to water-seeded or drilled rice, in randomized block design. The water-seeded system treatments were organized in a split-plot design. In the plot were evaluated two water management in the off-season (with or without continuous flooding), and in the subplot nine herbicides-treatments were evaluated (Check, clomazone at 0.72 and 1.08 kg a.i. ha-1, oxadiazon at 1.00 and 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1, oxyfluorfen at 0.312 and 0.48 kg a.i. ha-1, S-metolachlor at 1.44 kg a.i. ha-1, and flumioxazin a 0.075 kg a.i. ha-1). In the drilled rice experiment, the treatments were organized in a two-factor factorial. The factor A was nine herbicides treatments (the same herbicide and rates applied in water-seeded experiment) and the factor B was two application time (73 and 43 days before of rice-sowing). Results: Off-season management was efficient to reduce weedy rice infestation only on the paddy rice system using the pre-germinated seeds. In this assay, flumioxazin was an efficient alternative to giant arrowhead control, however the selectivity of this herbicide treatment needs to be studied. In dry-seeded system, herbicide sprayed in off-season reduced barnyardgrass infestation until the paddy rice sowing. Conclusions: The off-season management was efficient to reduce weedy rice and giant arrowhead infestation in water-seeded system, and barnyardgrass infestation in drill-seeded system.

RESUMO A persistência dos herbicidas no solo é extremamente importante para proporcionar controle de plantas daninhas durante o período crítico de interferência e determinar quais culturas poderão ser implantadas nos cultivos sucedâneos. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do metsulfuron-methyl aplicado em diferentes períodos em relação a semeadura da soja, buscando-se determinar o intervalo de tempo seguro entre a sua aplicação e a semeadura desta leguminosa, em diferentes condições edafoclimáticas. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, sendo um no município de Campo Mourão-PR (safra 2014/15) e outro em Curitibanos-SC (safra 2015/16). Ambos experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 x 6 + 1, onde o fator A representou duas doses de metsulfuron-methyl (1,98 e 3,96 g ha-1) e o fator B seis épocas entre a aplicação do metsulfuron-methyl e a semeadura da soja (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 e 75 dias após a aplicação - DAA), além de uma testemunha sem a aplicação do herbicida, para servir como padrão de comparação. Avaliou-se a porcentagem de fitointoxicação, altura de plantas, estande, número de vagens por planta, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade. Notou-se diferença na persistência do metsulfuron-methyl para os experimentos de Campo Mourão-PR e Curitibanos-SC, sendo maior para o primeiro município. O intervalo seguro entre a aplicação do metsulfuron-methyl e a semeadura da soja foi de 17 dias para o experimento de Curitibanos-SC e de 40 dias para Campo Mourão-PR. O volume de precipitação, o pH e a matéria orgânica são os principais fatores que podem ter influenciado na duração deste intervalo.

ABSTRACT The persistence of herbicides in the soil is extremely important for controlling weeds during the critical period of weed interference, and for determining which substitute crops might be sown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of metsulfuron-methyl when applied at different times in relation to sowing soybean, seeking to determine a safe interval between its application and sowing the legume under different conditions of soil and climate. Two experiments were conducted, one in the district of Campo Mourão in the state of Paraná (PR) (2014/15 crop) and the other in Curitibanos in the state of Santa Catarina (SC) (2015/16 crop). Both experiments were carried out in a randomised block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 2 x 6 + 1 factorial scheme, where factor A represented two doses of metsulfuron-methyl (1.98 and 3.96 g ha-1), and factor B six different intervals between applying the metsulfuron-methyl and sowing the soybean (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after application - DAA), in addition to a control without the application of herbicide, to serve as a standard for comparison. The following were evaluated: percentage phytotoxicity, plant height, stand, number of pods per plant, 100-grain weight and productivity. A difference was seen in the persistence of metsulfuron-methyl for the experiments in Campo Mourão PR, and Curitibanos SC, and was greater for Campo Mourão. The safe interval between applying the metsulfuron-methyl and sowing the soybean was 17 days for the experiment in Curitibanos and 40 days for Campo Mourão. Precipitation volume, pH and organic matter are the main factors to possibly have influenced this interval.

RESUMO Índices de vegetação na delimitação de zonas de manejo para a soja A delimitação de zonas para fins de manejo específico pode ser uma abordagem operacional e economicamente viável na agricultura de precisão. Objetivou-se investigar a relação entre índices espectrais amostrados durante diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura da soja e as zonas de produtividade da lavoura. Atributos do solo estratificados em cada zona e a influência da altitude também foram estudados. Foram calculados os índices de razão simples, de vegetação por diferença normalizada e de vegetação ajustado ao solo, durante os estádios V6, R5 e R5.5 da soja. Procedeu-se à análise de dependência espacial via semivariogramas para os índices de vegetação, produtividade da soja e elevação do terreno. O mapa da produtividade foi tomado como referência para avaliar a concordância espacial com os diferentes mapas gerados a partir dos índices espectrais. Os valores médios de atributos químicos e granulométricos do solo foram calculados e analisados por teste de médias entre as zonas delineadas. A divisão do campo em duas zonas de manejo, em função da combinação da altitude, índice de razão simples do estádio V6 e índice de vegetação ajustado ao solo do estádio R5.5, foi a que apresentou maior concordância com o mapa de produtividade da soja. Foram identificadas diferenças nos teores de fósforo, argila e silte, nas zonas de manejo delineadas.

ABSTRACT The delimitation of site-specific management zones may be an operational and economically feasible approach in precision agriculture. This study aimed at investigating the spatial correlations between spectral indexes sampled during different growth stages of soybean and crop yield. Soil attributes stratified in each zone and the influence of altitude were also assessed. The simple ratio index, normalized difference vegetation index and soil-adjusted vegetation index were calculated for soybean at the V6, R5 and R5.5 stages. Spatial dependence analysis via semivariogram was performed for the vegetation indexes, soybean yield and terrain elevation. The crop yield map was taken as a reference to assess the spatial agreement with the different maps generated from the spectral indexes. The average values for chemical and granulometric soil attributes were calculated and analyzed by their means among the zones delineated. The field division into two management zones, due to the combination of altitude, simple ratio index of the V6 stage and soil-adjusted vegetation index of the R5.5 stage, showed the highest agreement with the soybean yield map. Differences between the delineated zones were identified for the phosphorus, clay and silt contents.

RESUMO O Brasil figura como um dos maiores produtores de grãos do mundo em função de suas extensas áreas agricultáveis e do clima favorável ao cultivo de grande número de espécies. A produção poderia ser maior, mas problemas como a competição das culturas com plantas daninhas reduzem a produtividade das culturas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a distribuição espacial de plantas daninhas em especial serralha (Sonchus oleraceus), buva (Conyza spp.) e maria-mole (Senecio brasiliensis) em área de plantio direto durante duas safras agrícolas. O trabalho foi realizado durante os anos agrícolas de 2013/14 e 2014/15 em uma área de 22,5 ha na qual se cultiva soja no verão e aveia no inverno. Para o mapeamento das plantas daninhas foi utilizada uma grade amostral composta por 85 pontos; em cada ponto amostral foi contabilizado o número de plantas presentes em 0,25 m2. Os dados coletados em campo compuseram o banco de informações e foram utilizados para análise geoestatística e produção dos mapas. Utilizando análise geoestatística foi possível mapear a infestação de buva na área de estudos para a safra 2013/14. As plantas daninhas maria-mole e serralha não apresentaram dependência espacial; na safra 2014/2015, em função do manejo realizado na entressafra, nenhuma espécie estudada apresentou dependência espacial.

ABSTRACT Brazil is one of the largest grain producers in the world, due to its extensive arable land and favorable climate for the cultivation of any species. The production could be higher, but problems such as competition between crops and weeds reduces crop yields. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of weeds, especially milkweed (Sonchus oleraceus), horse weed (Conyza spp.) and ‘maria-mole’ (Senecio brasiliensis) in an area under no-tillage system for two harvests. The work was carried out during the 2013/14 and 2014/15 crop years in an area of 22.5 ha, where soybean is grown in the summer and oat in the winter. The weeds were mapped using a sampling grid of 85 points. The number of plants present in 0.25 m2 was recorded at each sampling point. The data collected in the field composed the information bank and were used for geostatistical analysis and production of maps. Using geostatistical analysis, it was possible to map the horseweed infestation in the studied area for the 2013/14 season. The species ‘maria-mole’ and milkweed did not show spatial dependence. During the 2014/2015 season, because of the management carried out in the off season, none of the studied species showed spatial dependence.

Em razão da escassez de informações a respeito de como o pH do solo interfere no potencial de lixiviação de herbicidas em solos tropicais, foram realizados ensaios com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da calagem do solo na lixiviação dos herbicidas trifloxysulfuron-sodium e pyrithiobac-sodium, após simulação de diferentes lâminas de precipitações. Para isso, foram realizados dois ensaios simultaneamente, um para o trifloxysulfuron-sodium (7,5 g ha-1) e outro para o pyrithiobac-sodium (70 g ha-1), em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 x 5, sendo os fatores duas condições de calagem do solo (com e sem calagem), 4 lâminas de irrigação (0, 15, 30 e 45 mm) e 5 profundidades na coluna (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 e 20-25 cm). Os experimentos foram repetidos no tempo, mudando-se apenas a fonte utilizada para neutralização do solo (calcário dolomítico e óxido de cálcio, respectivamente). O herbicida pyrithiobacsodium apresentou maior potencial de lixiviação que o trifloxysulfuron-sodium. Em solos submetidos à calagem, há maior movimentação de ambos herbicidas. Somente a calagem do solo com óxido de cálcio proporcionou lixiviação expressiva de trifloxysulfuron-sodium para profundidades maiores do que 20 cm. Lâminas a partir de 15 mm proporcionaram acentuada lixiviação de pyrithiobac-sodium em solos com pH próximo da neutralidade, sendo este herbicida detectado até 25 cm de profundidade.

Scarce research has been published concerning the effect of soil pH on the leaching potential of herbicides in tropical soils. Thus, we designed this study to evaluate the influence of soil liming on the leaching of trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium after simulated rainfall depths in soil columns. In the study, two trials were conducted simultaneously; the first experiment evaluated trifloxysulfuron-sodium (7.5 g ha-1), while the second experiment evaluated pyrithiobac-sodium (70 g ha-1). Both experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with a 2 x 4 x 5 factorial scheme and four replications. The design's factors corresponded to 2 soil liming conditions (with or without liming), 4 simulated rainfall depths (0, 15, 30, and 45 mm) and 5 depths in the soil column (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, and 20-25 cm). The trials were repeated, and only the source for the soil neutralization was changed, i.e., dolomitic limestone in Experiment 1 and calcium oxide in Experiment 2. Compared to trifloxysulfuronsodium, the herbicide pyrithiobac-sodium indicated a greater potential for leaching. With more acidic soils, the leaching potential in limed soils was greater for both herbicides. Only the liming that used calcium oxide provided a significant leaching of trifloxysulfuron-sodium for depths greater than 20 cm. Simulated rainfall > 15 mm provided leaching of pyrithiobac-sodium to a depth of 25 cm at near-neutral soil pH values.

O uso de misturas de glyphosate, em tanque, para manejo de espécies de plantas daninhas de difícil controle tem sido prática comum entre os agricultores brasileiros. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia e seletividade de misturas, em tanque, de herbicidas com glyphosate para o controle de trapoeraba (Commelina benghalensis L.), erva-de-touro (Tridax procumbens L.) e capim-carrapicho (Cenchrus echinatus L.) na cultura da soja RR®. O experimento foi conduzido em Maracaí, São Paulo, no período de novembro de 2006 a março de 2007, utilizando-se o cultivar CD-214RR® e delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com 21 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação de: glyphosate (180; 360; 540 e 720 g ha-1); glyphosate em sequencial (180/360; 360/360 e 540/360 g ha-1); glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl 360+10; 540+10; 360+5/ 360+5 g ha-1); glyphosate + lactofen (360+120; 540+120; 360+60/ 360+60 g ha-1); glyphosate + cloransulam-methyl (360+30; 540+30; 360+16,9/ 360+12,9 g ha-1); glyphosate + carfentrazone (360+4 g ha-1); glyphosate + imazethapyr (360+50 g ha-1); glyphosate + imazethapyr (177,8+30 g ha-1) e testemunhas capinada e sem capina. Apesar da similaridade de produtividade de grãos entre os tratamentos com glyphosate isolado e sequencial, nas doses 540, 720 e 540/ 360 g ha-1, as misturas em tanque com chlorimuron-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, lactofen e imazethapyr favoreceram o controle de espécies de plantas daninhas tolerantes ao glyphosate como C. benghalensis e T. procumbens.

Although the use of glyphosate tank mixtures for managing weed species of difficult control is prohibited by the Brazilian legislation, it has been a common practice among farmers. This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency and selectivity of herbicide tank mixtures using glyphosate to control Commelina benghalensis L., Tridax procumbens L. and Cenchrus echinatus L. in soybean crop RR®. A field experiment was conducted in the Municipality of Maracai, São Paulo State, between November, 2006 and March 2007, using the genotype CD-214RR® in a complete randomized block design with 21 treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of the following applications: glyphosate (180; 360; 540 and 720 g ha-1); glyphosate in sequence (180/360; 360/360 and 540/360 g ha-1); glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl 360+10; 540+10 and 360+5/ 360+5 g ha-1); glyphosate + lactofen (360+120; 540+120 and 360+60/ 360+60 g ha-1); glyphosate + cloransulam-methyl (360+30; 540+30 and 360+16,9/ 360+12,9 g ha-1); glyphosate + carfentrazone (360+4 g ha-1); glyphosate + imazethapyr (360+50 g ha-1); glyphosate + imazethapyr (177.8+30 g ha-1) and controls with and without weeding. Despite the similarity in grain yield between treatments with glyphosate alone and sequentially at doses 540, 720 and 540 / 360 g ha-1, the tank mixtures with chlorimuron-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, lactofen and imazethapyr favored control of weed species tolerant to glyphosate such as C. benghalensis and T. procumbens.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar se a utilização de adjuvantes nas misturas em tanque de glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl e glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl influenciam na qualidade da aplicação e eficiência de controle de Ipomoea grandifolia. Treze tratamentos, dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, foram constituídos pelas misturas em tanque de glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl (1.440 + 12,5 g ha-1) e glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl (1.440 + 10 g ha-1) isoladas e associados aos adjuvantes Nimbus®, Joint Oil®, Naturl'Oil®, Triunfo 515® e All Fix ®, e uma testemunha sem aplicação. Os adjuvantes utilizados foram eficientes na redução da tensão superficial das caldas; no entanto, não influenciaram nos valores de deposição e na eficiência do controle. Os adjuvantes proporcionaram efeitos distintos na redução da tensão superficial, no pH e na qualidade da aplicação (diâmetro mediano volumétrico, densidade de gotas, potencial de perdas por deriva, área coberta e diâmetro médio das gotas) das misturas em tanque de glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl e glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl, mas não interferiram na deposição da calda de pulverização sobre os alvos I. grandifolia e lâminas de vidro. Glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl apresentou maior velocidade de controle de I. grandifolia em relação ao glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl, na ausência ou na presença dos adjuvantes, apesar de o glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl associado com Nimbus® e Joint Oil® terem proporcionado às plantas-alvo início de desenvolvimento de novas folhas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate if the use of adjuvants with glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl and glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl tank mixture influence the quality application and effectiveness for controlling Ipomoea grandifolia. Thirteen treatments, disposed in a completely randomized design, were constituted by tank mixtures of glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl (1440 + 12,5 g ha-1) and glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl (1440 + 10 g ha-1) isolated and associated to Nimbus®, Joint Oil®, Naturl'Oil®, Triunfo 515® and All Fix®, and a control without application. The adjuvants used were efficient in the reduction of the spray superficial tension; however, did not influence deposition values and control efficiency. Adjuvants provided distinct effects in the reduction of superficial tension, pH and application quality (volumetric median diameter, drops density, potential losses for drift, covered area and drops medium diameter) of glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl and glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl tank mixtures, but did not interfere in pulverization spray deposition over I. grandifolia targets and glass sheets. Glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl presented larger speed for controlling I. grandifolia in relation to glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl, in the absence or presence of adjuvants, in spite of glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl associated to Nimbus® and Joint Oil® have provided to the target plants the initial development of new leaves.

A adequação de um cafezal para o sistema orgânico causa grande mudança no sistema de manejo de plantas daninhas, mas as informações sobre o comportamento da comunidade infestante em áreas de cultivo de café orgânico são escassas no Brasil. Objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar um levantamento fitossociológico da comunidade infestante em três cafezais (variedades Mundo Novo, Bourbon Vermelho e Obatã) desenvolvidos em sistema orgânico, no município de Garça (SP). Nas três áreas estudadas foram arremessados ao acaso cem quadrados metálicos com área vazada de 0,25 m², nas entrelinhas da cultura. As espécies contidas no interior dos quadros foram identificadas segundo a espécie botânica, nome popular e família. A partir dos resultados, determinaram-se os parâmetros fitossociológicos: frequência, densidade, abundância, frequência relativa, densidade relativa, abundância relativa, índice de valor de importância e similaridade florísticas pelos métodos de Simple Matching de Sneath & Sokal e similaridade de Sorensen. As famílias que mais se destacaram, com maior número de espécies nas três áreas foram Poaceae e Asteraceae. Houve alta similaridade em todos os contrastes testados, já que pelo menos metade das espécies identificadas foi comum às duas áreas contrastadas.

Adjust of one coffee crop to organic system causes significative changes in weed management system, but information about the weed community in areas cultivated with organic coffee crop are scarce in Brazil. This work aimed to perform a phytosociological survey of weed community in three coffee crop areas (Mundo Novo, Bourbon Vermelho and Obatã genotypes) conducted in organic system, in Garça County, São Paulo State. In the three analyzed areas, a hundred of metallic drained squares were randomized hurled with useful area of 0.25 m² between crop lines. Plants contained in the interior of squares were identified according to botanic species, common name and its family. Phytosociological parameters were determined: frequency, density, abundance, relative frequency, relative density, relative abundance, index of importance value, and floristic similarity by Simple Matching of Sneath & Sokal and similarity by Sorensen method. Outstanding families, with major species number in the three studied areas were Poaceae and Asteraceae. There was high similarity in all studied contrasts, since at least a half of identified species was common to the two contrasted areas.